NCE Purple Book Practice Test

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• The practice of embedding a message below conscious perception in advertising to influence behavior is called what?
• Which pair would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight?
• The assertion that firstborn children are usually conservative but display leadership qualities aligns with whose viewpoint?
• Which technique is commonly used in gestalt therapy to explore inner conflict by assigning different roles?
• In a traditional culture that values authority, the counselor is expected to be directive with homework and advice. Which option best describes this expectation?
• Doing cross-cultural counseling has what effect on counselors?
• Critics contend that many aspects of Freud's theory are difficult to test scientifically, particularly the unconscious mind.
• Counselors who have good listening skills facilitate therapeutic surrender.
• In adolescence, _____ commit suicide more often, but ______ attempt suicide more often
• Reality therapy originated from the incorporation of which theory, later renamed?
• A stimulus used in conditioning can gain reinforcing properties if it is associated with a primary reinforcer.
• According to Glasser, a positive addiction might be which of the following?
• Which concept is central to Adler's theory?
• A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm describes what?
• According to F. H. Allport's concept of social facilitation, memorizing a list of numbers is done best when the person is:
• The gestalt dialogue experiment generally utilizes the concepts of ________.
• Which statement about the five layers of neurosis is true?
• Is it possible for a client’s behavior to be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another?
• In Jungian psychology, anima and animus refer to
• Which theorist is known for a constructive model of adult development emphasizing interpersonal development and the lifelong construction of reality?
• Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by which concept?
• A practicum supervisor who says to his supervisee, 'You can deal with your Asian-American clients the same as you deal with anybody else,' is espousing which viewpoint?
• The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is:
• Alloplastic coping involves
• Which option is NOT primarily indicative of national culture?
• In Piaget's theory, at the concrete operational stage, children learn best through their own actions and experimentation. Which stage is this?
• According to social learning theory, aggression is learned through observation and imitation.
• The behavior of a Japanese client who avoids direct eye contact during counseling is best described as:
• Which statement best describes the Adult ego state's primary function?
• Freud's stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson's stages are
• A person refuses to acknowledge a distressing reality even when presented with clear evidence. This illustrates which defense mechanism?
• Which treatment approach emphasizes mindfulness and is commonly used for self-harm and substance abuse?
• The organization originally formed as APGA and later became AACD by 1992 is now known as which association?
• In Levinson's theory, women experience the midlife crisis approximately how many years earlier than men?
• The statement 'Sibling interaction may have more impact than parent-child interaction' describes Adler's theory.
• Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement?
• Which psychologist proposed developmental tasks for infancy and early childhood through later maturity?
• What is Erikson's psychosocial stage for age 65 and older?
• Congruence in client-centered therapy occurs when which of the following is true?
• The client's tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as what?
• In gestalt practice, if a client is angry at his wife for leaving him and makes a suicide attempt, this is best described as retroflection.
• A counselor who practices depth psychology bases treatment on which concept?
• The cognitive dissonance theory is associated with which theorist?
• Who is best known for imprinting, the instinctual behavior in which the infant follows the first moving object it encounters?
• Which term describes counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background?
• Freudian death instinct
• BASIC-ID stands for which combination of dimensions?
• What is the most controversial aspect of Freud's theory?
• The concept that culture provides standards of conduct reflects which property?
• Which elements are related to a counselor's social power?
• In Pavlov's famous experiment, the bell was the ________ and the meat was the ________.
• Who is most likely to conform to peers?
• Which statement best describes negative reinforcement?
• Who believes aggression is learned?
• A hallmark of Rogerian, person-centered counseling is which core stance?
• Levinson described a midlife transition in men commonly referred to as which of the following?
• A client remarks that he was just dumped by his girlfriend. The counselor responds, 'Oh, you poor dear. It must be terrible! How can you go on living?' This is an example of:
• Which factor more directly addresses resistance and is listed as helpful for surrender?
• In operant conditioning, removing an aversive stimulus after a behavior increases the likelihood of that behavior. This is called:
• In systematic desensitization, which component is practiced in the imagination before real-life exposure?
• The process of integrating the beliefs or standards of others into one's own value system is called which defense mechanism?
• In aversive or behavioral therapy, baseline is typically established by which method?
• Which sequence lists the steps of systematic desensitization in correct order?
• Which statement best captures the relationship between culture and society?
• Representational thought is the ability to:
• The remark “I'm Black and it's nearly impossible to hide it” illustrates which relationship between race and ethnicity?
• Which statement about ego defense mechanisms is true?
• Which Piaget stage corresponds to ages 7 to 12?
• Which paradoxical technique did Adler use, requiring a client to exaggerate a feared behavior?
• An aggressive person who becomes a professional boxer because he or she is sadistic is displaying what?
• Healthy communication transactions occur when?
• An adept multicultural counselor usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity.
• Which component of the psyche is described as chaotic, body-focused, and houses animalistic instincts?
• How many chromosome pairs are present in a normal human?
• The human relations core for effective counseling includes which trio?
• Which component is described as present at birth and related to primitive drives such as libido and hunger?
• A therapist who says to a patient 'Say whatever comes to mind' is practicing
• Which approach describes focusing on the client's social environment and early life experiences to understand behavior?
• The sleeper effect is a concept in which field?
• Classical conditioning relates to the work of which psychologist?
• In systematic desensitization, which step comes immediately after constructing the anxiety hierarchy?
• Which trait is associated with an ana retentive personality?
• Autoplastic coping refers to
• According to Osgood and Tannenbaum's congruity theory, a client will accept suggestions more readily if
• In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents what?
• Who is considered the father of psychoanalysis?
• The term referring to laboratory research using animals with the aim of generalizing findings to humans is which of the following?
• What is the primary purpose of the Truax and Carkhuff program?
• In intercultural counseling, therapeutic surrender refers to the client:
• Which statement about the therapist's role in Rogerian therapy is true, in contrast to directive approaches?
• In the context described, the term instinctual means:
• Which theorist would most likely say that aggression is an inborn tendency?
• Early vocalization in infants across cultures is described as?
• In REBT's ABC model, C represents the
• A client reports a tingling sensation in her hands whenever she talks about marriage. A gestalt therapist would probably encourage her to...
• Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client belongs to which of the following?
• In Wolpe's systematic desensitization, which measure is used to gauge the client's distress?
• Who developed REBT?
• According to Levinson's Yale research, what percentage of men experienced moderate to severe midlife crises?
• In classical conditioning, the natural stimulus that reliably elicits a reflexive response without prior learning is called what?
• Freudian concept of the life instinct
• Viktor Frankl is to logotherapy as William Glasser is to which therapy?
• Unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game are called
• Which of the following is NOT one of the three factors that enhance interpersonal attraction?
• Introversion and extroversion are associated with which theorist?
• When discussing the past in reality therapy, practitioners focus on what aspect?
• The development of a schema for permanency and constancy of objects occurs during which Piagetian stage?
• Role-playing with a hierarchy of nonassertive situations is known by what term in assertiveness training?
• Ethnocentrism can promote patriotism and national sovereignty but pose what danger?
• The presence of an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government is most reflective of which concept?
• Counselors who work as consultants generally do what with respect to theoretical orientation?
• In REBT, A is the ________, B is the ________, and C is the ________.
• Which archetype is described as the 'shadow' containing id-like material that is denied yet desired?
• Culture refers to which components?
• Which Freudian structure is the primitive, instinctual part of the personality?
• Which statement is true about Gestalt therapy?
• A child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores other features demonstrates which Piagetian concept?
• Reality therapy is most closely associated with which psychologist?
• What do critics of the Rogerian approach argue is sometimes needed after the initial counseling phase?
• Ego psychologists believe in man's powers of ______ to control behavior.
• Dream content in Freud's theory is most closely associated with which psychologist?
• Who focused on ego development through seven stages and two transitions, with the highest level described as integrated?
• In counseling terminology, the word instinctual refers to behavior that:
• In the drama triangle scenario, which sequence describes the progression?
• In terms of parenting young children, which statement is supported?
• An African-American client tells a Caucasian counselor that things are 'bad' though she literally means something is good. The counselor's misunderstanding could best be described as a
• B. F. Skinner's reinforcement theory elaborated on which psychologist's law of effect?
• Which statement about diagnosis and culture is accurate?
• Erikson's middle-age stage is generativity vs stagnation. Generativity refers to which of the following?
• The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are close proximity, physical attraction, and what else?
• A client from another culture will speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background.
• In Harlow’s famous monkey experiments, frightened infant monkeys raised with cloth and wire surrogate mothers predominantly did what when frightened?
• A counselor instructs her client to read A Guide to Rational Living by Albert Ellis and Robert Harper. This is an example of
• In REBT, the core of emotional disturbance is due to
• In girls, the Oedipus complex is referred to as which complex?
• The relationship a client has with a gestalt therapist would progress ________ than the relationship with a Rogerian counselor.
• Most scholars would assert that Freud's 1900 work entitled The Interpretation of Dreams was his most influential. Dreams have
• Trust versus mistrust is Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development.
• Which term describes the study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, the ability to love, and happiness?
• Which factor among the list is explicitly listed as helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender?
• Marital satisfaction often ______ with parenthood and often ______ after a child leaves the home.
• ________ emphasized the drive for superiority.
• When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client experiences which of the following?
• An advertising agency secretly embeds the word SEX into newspaper ads to influence readers without their conscious awareness. This illustrates which concept?
• Critics assert that gestalt therapy ________.
• A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principles has reached which stage and level in Kohlberg's theory?
• What is the Jungian term for the content of the collective unconscious that is inherited and shared across humanity?
• Milgram discovered that normal people would administer seemingly fatal electric shocks to others when instructions to do so were given by a person perceived as an authority figure.
• Sex role stereotyping in counseling could bias which aspects of client assessment?
• Which theorist is perhaps the leading figure in moral development and used stories to assess children's moral reasoning?
• In cultures that value authority, the counselor should be:
• According to Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is what?
• Instrumental conditioning is most closely associated with which psychologist?
• In culturally sensitive counseling, how should eye contact be handled with clients from cultures where direct gaze is discouraged?
• In post-purchase information processing, which description matches seeking information that supports the chosen option while ignoring competing options?
• An alcoholic is given Antabuse, which is a drug that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. This technique is called
• Which statement best captures the core aims of Rogerian therapy?
• Behavior modification strategies are based heavily on instrumental conditioning, while behavior therapy emphasizes which combination?
• Culture is normative. What does that imply about it?
• Conservation and counting belong in which Piagetian stage?
• Sex-role socialization explains the development of gendered behaviors by shaping individuals through cultural expectations. Which option best describes this process?
• Existentialism is to logotherapy as which is to behaviorism?
• A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by receiving an F in physical education because 'straight A students are eggheads.' This demonstrates which defense mechanism?
• In counseling, a paradigm is best understood as which of the following?
• Which statement best describes cross-cultural norms in seeking therapy?
• Suppression differs from repression in that which is automatic or involuntary?
• Which theorist argued that cognitive development unfolds primarily through educational intervention and social guidance rather than natural progression?
• Which theory posits that behavior is guided by hereditary factors but requires environmental stimuli and neural maturity for expression?
• In operant conditioning, adding a desirable stimulus after a response strengthens the behavior. This is known as which concept?
• Regardless of culture, which trait is associated with the popular individual?
• Which step in systematic desensitization is conducted in real-life situations?
• Which statement about games is true?
• Which statement best describes the function of the superego?
• In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized
• In applying the foot-in-the-door technique to a reluctant client, which action aligns with the two-step approach?
• Which psychologist proposed the stages of cognitive development including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational?
• A master's level counselor takes an entry-level job in a warm climate; her office is not air conditioned, but she insists she likes this because sweating helps to keep her weight in check. This illustrates which defense mechanism?
• Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that these counselors are which of the following?
• Which theorist pioneered the use of a one-way mirror for observing children and is associated with maturationist theory?
• Gestalt therapy emphasizes awareness in the here and now and may incorporate which drama-based technique?
• Erikson's first psychosocial stage occurs during which life period?
• In cross-cultural counseling, which term is identified alongside national culture?
• To teach a client to produce alpha waves for relaxation, which feedback method would be used?
• Internal verbalizations are to REBT as ________ are to Glasser's choice theory.
• In gestalt therapy, the term 'unfinished business' refers to
• In the 1920s, who developed the social distance scale?
• In psychodynamic terms, positive transference is to love as negative transference is to which?
• Cultural relativism suggests that judgments of behavior can vary by culture. The statement below is:
• Which reinforcement schedule delivers reinforcement after a fixed number of correct responses?
• Which Piaget stage covers birth through approximately 18-24 months?
• A counselor who repeats what a client has stated in the counselor's own words is using what technique?
• Kohlberg's three levels of morality are
• Beck's cognitive therapy differs from REBT in that dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad but not necessarily irrational.
• Genuineness, or congruence, is the counselor's ability to be what?
• In Kohlberg's levels, this is the level where the individual wants to meet the standards of family, society, and even the nation.
• What is Erikson's psychosocial stage for ages 12 to 18?
• Existential theorists speak of phenomenology, which refers to the client's internal personal experience of events, and ontology, which is
• Rogers asserted that how many core conditions are necessary for client change to occur?
• Which psychologist is renowned for pioneering work on imprinting?
• In studies of affiliation, which birth position is more likely to affiliate with others?
• In Mahler's theory, the infant's absolute dependence on a female caregiver during the early stage is described as the symbiotic phase. Which caregiver is this most closely associated with?
• What is the expected outcome for children when parents do not tolerate aggression in raising them?
• Which statement is true of the person-centered approach?
• Which concept, pioneered by Lev Vygotsky, describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher and what they can accomplish with guidance?
• When comparing girls to boys, which of the following is noted?
• In REBT, changing cognitions is also known as which of the following?
• The founder of analytic psychology is Carl Jung.
• Which theorist is most associated with maternal deprivation?
• Which scenario best demonstrates sex role stereotyping in counseling?
• If a client holds an alloplastic viewpoint, he may believe the counselor is simply
• Adopting another person's attitudes or characteristics as one's own in order to feel closer to that person is known as which defense mechanism?
• Which is considered behavioral sex therapy?
• A young child hides a toy and believes it no longer exists when out of sight. This demonstrates the lack of which two capabilities?
• Stage theorists assume
• Which statement best describes the D step in REBT's ABC model?
• To obtain direct feedback about muscle activity for relaxation training, which technique is used?
• The unconscious processes that minimize anxiety and protect the self are called what?
• After purchasing a high-cost item, a person might reduce dissonance by focusing on consonant cognitions. Which option best describes this behavior?
• An Asian counselor says to an African-American client, 'If you're unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You can change the system.' This is the ______ viewpoint for coping with the environment.
• Very poor economic conditions have a high correlation with which behavior?
• In Erikson's psychosocial stages, the midlife crisis corresponds to which stage?
• When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as
• In Erikson's theory, which stage precedes integrity vs despair and focuses on guiding the next generation?
• Who is associated with adult cognitive development and dualistic thinking, especially among college students?
• Which of the following is NOT considered one of the core conditions for client growth in Rogers' theory?
• Which statement best captures maturation theory's view on the development of behavior?
• A gestalt therapist is most likely to deal with a client's projection via which technique?
• The counselor's verbal response to inconsistency (smiling but saying sadness) is known as
• Which researcher conducted early studies showing that autonomic processes could be conditioned?
• PKU, Klinefelter's syndrome, Turner's syndrome, Hemophilia, and sickle cell anemia are all examples of
• Who pioneered desensitization, a behaviorist technique used to reduce phobic reactions?
• Cognitive dissonance research primarily focuses on which of the following?
• The phrase misery loves company describes the motive to affiliate in order to:
• Which client would most likely engage in introspection?
• Which theory specifically predicts a drive toward a balanced cognitive state?
• Freudians would say a child traumatized in childhood may ____ a given psychosexual stage.
• Which of the following is considered most threatening for clients and counselors in reality therapy?
• Which statement best describes the Adult ego state's function?
• All of the following statements about reality therapy are true except:
• In the general US population, suicide rates tend to ______ with age
• A client says 'It is difficult to get a job in New York City.' A gestalt counselor would be expected to...
• Which researcher is associated with obedience to authority?
• To empathize is easiest with a client who is similar to you.
• Piaget is a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative.
• What do most people believe about individuals perceived as attractive?
• Balance theory postulates a move toward what cognitive state?
• Freud's greatest contribution was the conceptualization of the unconscious mind.
• When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they mean
• What does logotherapy mean?
• Elementary school counseling and guidance services began to gain momentum in which decade?
• Which of the following is a Jungian archetype?
• The statement 'the ego is dependent on the id' would most likely reflect the work of
• The technique where an obese client imagines sickness after a high-fat meal, followed by a pleasant scene where eating is desirable, is called?
• Attending behavior that is verbal is also called what?
• Which defense mechanism involves attributing one's own unacceptable impulses to other people?
• Who proposed that the ego is dependent on the id?
• In operant conditioning, reinforcers, whether positive or negative, have what effect on the probability that a behavior will occur again?
• Adler emphasized that people wish to belong. This is known as
• Maslow's hierarchy includes higher-order needs such as
• Neurolinguistic Programming was developed by which researchers?
• A novice counselor finds that clients invariably give yes and no answers to her questions. The problem is most likely that:
• Multicultural counseling promotes which approach?
• What is the most effective CS–US interval?
• Which term best describes pairing an unpleasant stimulus with an undesirable behavior to reduce its frequency?
• Which theorist is associated with social facilitation?
• Which pair of publication years corresponds to Levinson's Seasons of a Man's Life (1978) and Seasons of a Woman's Life (1997)?
• The Freudian unconscious is best described as
• Which of the following best describes the relationship between poverty and aggression according to research?
• Johnny loves M&Ms; the school counselor instructs the mother to give the child a bag of M&Ms every night after homework. This is an example of which concept?
• In Transactional Analysis, which ego state is the conscience, or ego state concerned with moral behavior?
• What is Erikson's psychosocial stage for ages 3 to 5?
• Which trait is associated with good multicultural counselors?
• An empiricist view of development would align with which approach?
• If a reinforcer is given every time a desired response occurs, it is known as which reinforcement pattern?
• The 'Little Professor' is a form of which ego state?
• Which statement correctly describes the relation between race and ethnicity?
• TA therapists are most likely to incorporate which therapy in treatment?
• Which educational theorist is credited with the zone of proximal development concept?
• Which statement reflects a commonly held belief about attractiveness?
• In conditioning, the process of a light paired with a bell (the CS) eventually eliciting salivation is called what?
• Existentialists focus primarily on which aspect of experience?
• Among middle- and upper-class Americans, which counselor approach is preferred: a counselor who helps them work it out on their own?
• According to Maccoby and Jacklin, the statement 'Males are better than females at mathematical calculations' is:
• Who created transactional analysis?
• A behavioristic technique in which the goal is to weaken or eliminate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or desirable response.
• Which two theorists who originally worked with Freud went on to found individual psychology and analytic psychology?
• Which statement accurately differentiates positive reinforcement from negative reinforcement?
• In cross-cultural counseling, structuring is very important. This concept asserts that counseling is most effective when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session.
• The id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the ______ principle, suggesting humans desire instinct gratification such as libido, sex, or the elimination of hunger or thirst.
• Existentialists speak of three worlds, the Umwelt or the ______ world, the Mitwelt or the ______ world, and the Eigenwelt or the ______ world.
• Freud and Erikson could be classified as which type of theorists?
• According to the material, which gender is better at using feeling words by age 2?
• Therapeutic cognitive restructuring involves
• Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that what must happen before moving on to the next developmental stage?
• What is Erikson's psychosocial stage for ages 18 to 40?
• Empathy is best defined as which of the following?
• In general, clients prefer counselors who share what characteristics?
• In Piaget's theory, the stage known as Preoperational thinking is the second stage of cognitive development. Which term names this stage?
• Known for ideas related to adult cognitive development and dualistic thinking, especially college students.
• The Piaget stage that spans toddlerhood through early childhood (about 18-24 months to age 7) is which?
• Nomothetic approaches are used to study what?
• According to the material, which statement best reflects gender differences in abilities?
• Which is NOT evidence for the unconscious mind?
• In transactional analysis, TA therapists are likely to incorporate which therapy into their practice?
• Logotherapy is based on existentialism.
• The phenomenon of responding to a stimulus similar to the CS is called:
• Which statement best describes empathy in counseling?
• When a counselor reviews what has transpired in past counseling sessions, this is called?
• In the topographical model, which level contains material that can be readily brought into awareness?
• A counselor uses biofeedback training to increase the temperature in the client's right hand to ward off migraines. Which device would be used?
• Who developed systematic desensitization?
• Jane feels very inferior. She is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless. She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation, Jane invariably responds with, 'I'm the president of the board for the homeless shelter.' This is engaging in which defense mechanism?
• Respondent behavior refers to which of the following?
• Who developed rational-emotive behavior therapy, teaching clients to think more scientifically and logically?
• In reality therapy, the emphasis is on present behavior and actions that satisfy needs rather than on which of the following?
• A client with panic attacks is told to relax the jaw muscle for three minutes daily. This illustrates which approach?
• In the person-centered approach, which combination of therapist qualities is essential to create an I-Thou relationship?
• Which concept pairs with Erikson's stages in the same way 'sensorimotor' pairs with Piaget and 'oral' with Freud?
• According to the Premack principle, what characterizes an efficient reinforcer?
• Which Freudian structure is primarily responsible for reality testing and mediating between the id and the superego?
• According to Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory, after purchasing a very expensive item, a person would most likely:
• Which is NOT typically considered part of the human relations core for effective counseling?
• In Kohlberg's levels of morality, this is the level where the child responds to consequences and reward and punishment greatly influence the behavior.
• The statement 'All humans, from all cultures, all races, and all nations, are more alike than different' is based on which viewpoint?
• The acronym NLP stands for which of the following?
• Freud's theory associates fixation at the oral stage with which personality type?
• All of these theorists could be associated with the analytic movement except:
• The cognitive therapist most closely associated with stress inoculation is
• Frankl is an existentialist. So are
• Which statement best reflects sex role stereotyping in counseling?
• Which phenomenon, associated with Konrad Lorenz, involves a newborn following a moving object and is crucial during a critical period?
• Down syndrome is caused by which type of factors?
• In multicultural counseling, diagnosis should be approached in what context?
• Which factor did neo-Freudians emphasize as important for personality development?
• Which Piagetian principle best describes that infants learn primarily through interacting with their environment via reflexive actions during the first years of life?
• The sleeper effect describes what memory pattern after some time?
• Which is Erikson's second psychosocial stage?
• In Pavlovian conditioning, when the CS reliably predicts the US, what occurs?
• Genuineness, or congruence, is defined as the therapist's what?
• Which statement best captures the distinction between culture and society?
• John Bowlby is most closely associated with which concept?
• _______ is associated with obedience and authority.
• A theorist who postulated stages of infancy, childhood, the juvenile era, preadolescence, early adolescence, and late adolescence in a theory known as the psychiatry of interpersonal relationships.
• Bibliotherapy is a form of what?
• Which statement about Piagetian conservation is true?
• Albert Ellis is to REBT as Maxie C. Maultsby Jr. is to
• Reality therapy has incorporated a theory later referred to as choice theory. Which theory is this?
• A Japanese client who is reluctant to look you in the eye during counseling would most likely be displaying:
• In Mahler's theory, the symbiotic phase refers to the infant's absolute dependence on which caregiver?
• Freud's Oedipus complex occurs during which psychosexual stage?
• According to Rogers, which environmental condition fosters positive development?
• The etic viewpoint is derived from the term phonetic, referring to sounds that remain the same in any language.
• The Freudian developmental stage which 'least' emphasizes sexuality?
• Gestalt therapy's name reflects which concept?
• In Kohlberg's first or preconventional level, the individual's moral behavior is guided by
• In a disaster response, which level of Maslow's hierarchy should be addressed first?
• Repetition of the client's statements verbatim when responding is known as:
• Eric Berne is to Transactional Analysis as Fritz Perls is to Gestalt Therapy.
• Which Freudian concept corresponds to the part of personality that tests reality and mediates between instinct and external world?
• Which principle is associated with the id?
• The term irradiation, used by Pavlov, refers to which phenomenon?
• For a geriatric client, which factors are the best predictors of retirement adjustment?
• When counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when negative transference is interpreted as therapeutic resistance.
• Which term best describes reinforcing a behavior by presenting a favorable consequence?
• Which concept is central to the bystander effect, explaining why individuals refrain from helping in crowds?
• Which statement describes a first-degree game in transactional analysis?
• Who expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development?
• A man receives a nickel-an-hour pay raise but expected a dollar; he is furious yet nonassertive, and later yells at his wife for no apparent reason. This demonstrates which defense mechanism?
• Object permanence is the understanding that objects:
• What term refers to the probable outcome in counseling?
• All of these philosophers are existentialists except:
• The process by which a conditioned response weakens when the CS is no longer paired with the US is called:
• A client recalls a past event after a long pause; this exchange illustrates the function of which mental store?
• Gestalt therapists sometimes utilize the exaggeration experiment which most closely resembles paradox as practiced by which figures?
• Mary Cover Jones is best known for her work in which area?
• Equilibration is the balance between what one takes in and that which is changed. Which pair correctly completes this definition?
• In group dynamics, after five members praise a group activity, the sixth member is most likely to report that he also found the activity helpful about what fraction of the time, according to studies?
• In Piaget's formal operational stage, which cognitive development becomes prominent?
• Freudians refer to the ego as
• A statement accurately describes implosive therapy?
• A young Hispanic male experiences discrimination, and the counselor says, 'I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you.' This illustrates which coping approach?
• In Piaget's theory, the concept that a substance's weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if its shape changes is called what?
• Counselors can more easily advise clients from their own culture.
• According to the I-Thou relationship, the relationship is which of the following?
• Freud's theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos. A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by
• Rudolph Dreikurs is recognized for being Adler's student and for discussing the use of group therapy in private practice. He was a student of which founder?
• In behavior modification, ignoring the misbehavior to reduce its frequency is an example of which procedure?
• Experts in multicultural counseling feel that counselor training should be which of the following?
• Freudian dream content types: the first is the dream as presented; the second is the hidden meaning. Which pair correctly names these two types?
• A counselor worried that applying techniques to stop a 6-year-old from thumb-sucking might lead to symptom substitution. This demonstrates what concept?
• Which of the following is true about the Adult ego state's primary function?
• In a person-centered therapy, which statement about DSM diagnoses is most accurate?
• According to many counseling experts, counselors should be familiar with
• Which defense mechanism involves attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else?
• In Gestalt therapy, the exaggeration technique primarily aims to increase...
• When a person has two negative alternatives, it is called an avoidance-avoidance conflict.
• Which Freudian stage is associated with a period of dormancy of sexual feelings?
• Which of the following statements best describes the salad bowl model of diversity?
• Kohlberg, Erikson, and Maslow's theories are described as epigenetic in nature, meaning each stage emerges from the one before it.
• Ritualistic behaviors common to all members of a species are known as
• When the past is discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on which of the following?
• John B. Watson is best known for his work with which famous conditioned fear experiment?
• Maslow studied exceptional individuals who escaped which concept?
• Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement?
• A male client attracted to a violent and chemically dependent woman creates which type of conflict?
• Which theorist is associated with the idea that cognitive development is influenced by social interaction and cultural mediation?
• Which cognitive development theorist was criticized by Gilligan for gender bias?
• In REBT's ABC model, B represents the
• Which theorist is known for paradoxical techniques in strategic and problem-solving therapy?
• What term describes what the counselor believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint?
• Which statement about Piaget is true?
• Covert sensitization is typically used to address which type of behavior?
• Which type of conflict would Kurt Lewin classify as choosing between two prestigious PhD counseling programs?
• In multicultural counseling, the term personalism refers to which concept?
• Imprinting is an instinctual behavior in which the infant follows the first moving object it encounters. Which option correctly describes this behavior?
• Eleanor Gibson's depth-perception research focused on which group?
• A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match breaks his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident. His behavior is influenced by which defense mechanism?
• Carol Gilligan was critical of Kohlberg's theory of moral development as she felt it was more applicable to males than females.
• Which client would most likely have the most difficulty with self-disclosure when speaking to a Caucasian counselor?
• Reality therapy is to Glasser as REBT is to
• Perls suggested ________ which must be peeled away to reach emotional stability.
• Imprinting is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object.
• Shoulds and oughts are ________ according to Ellis.
• In the REBT ABC theory, the intervention at D leads to E; which option correctly completes both halves?
• In Kohlberg's framework, the progression of higher-level moral reasoning through stages is described as what?
• The maturational viewpoint uses which analogy to describe the mind's development?
• What is the correct order of Freudian psychosexual stages?
• Which statement accurately describes the Rogerian approach's emphasis?
• Existential counselors emphasize the client's
• In counseling, which response best addresses a racist statement by a client?
• Which researcher studied the impact of child-rearing methods on self-esteem?
• Negative reinforcement involves what?
• How many levels of morality did Kohlberg propose?
• The organization formed by 1972 that contributed to cross-cultural counseling is which?
• Which Eriksonian stage focuses on sharing your life with another person?
• Which cognitive feature is demonstrated when a child believes the rain is following them?
• In Erikson's theory, which stage is associated with adolescence and the development of personal identity?
• Development is a continuous process that begins at
• Stimulus generalization occurs when a response to a conditioned stimulus is elicited by similar stimuli. True or False?
• Using 'I' statements in Gestalt therapy helps clients shift toward what?
• Which of the following is NOT identified as promoting therapeutic surrender?
• Piaget's stage in which children begin to apply logical operations to concrete objects is called
• In Erikson's integrity versus despair stage, looking back on life with few regrets represents which outcome?
• Key areas that often cause problems for the counselor's self-image are which of the following?
• A monolingual U.S. counselor is best described as someone who
• Which option best describes the focus of positive psychology?
• Which statement best describes the ego?
• Identify Erikson's first psychosocial stage and its approximate age range.
• Which book helped popularize transactional analysis besides Games People Play?
• Which statement distinguishes a cultural norm from a statistical norm?
• The statement 'Whites are better than Blacks' illustrates which concept?
• Freud argued that morality developed from which component of the psyche?
• Which of the following is NOT considered a Jungian archetype?
• The sequence protest, despair, detachment is associated with which theorist's work on object loss?
• Which Freudian stage precedes Latency in the sequence of psychosexual stages?
• Which of the following age ranges corresponds to Erikson's intimacy vs isolation stage?
• Systematic desensitization is a technique most closely associated with which therapeutic approach?
• The term 'identity crisis' originates from the work of which developmental theorist?
• Which technique is Joseph Wolpe particularly known for in behavior therapy?
• Which of the following pairs are existentialists?
• In REBT's ABC model, A represents the
• The blank represents the part of the Psyche that is logical and follows the reality principle.
• Which statement best describes the effect of reinforcers on behavior probability?
• Which theorist proposed the eight-stage model of psychosocial development, including an eight stage called Integrity Versus Despair?
• A client from lower social class may feel that they will end up as losers dealing with a counselor from a higher social class.
• The term contextualism implies that behavior must be assessed in the context of which factor?
• Which of the following is NOT part of the counselor's social power?
• Why do behavior therapists often shy away from punishment?
• Genuineness in counseling means which of the following?
• Where does counseling generally occur compared to consultation, according to the material?
• Which term describes the hidden meaning of a dream?
• To diagnose clients from a different culture, the counselor ideally will need what?
• Which statement is NOT ethnocentric?
• A client from another culture may speak differently to a counselor than to someone from their own background; this statement is typically considered true.
• Which statement about trust and culture is supported by the material?
• If you think of the mind as a seesaw, then the fulcrum or balancing apparatus would be the
• The field most closely associated with Konrad Lorenz is which?
• In classical conditioning, the automatic, unlearned response to a stimulus is called what?
• Person-centered counseling would prove least effective with which client?
• Which is NOT a form of the Child ego state?
• Freud postulated the psychosexual stages:
• The content of the collective unconscious that is passed from generation to generation is known as
• Which description best captures Gestalt therapy's core emphasis?
• The peak period of competition between the various schools of counseling and therapy was during
• A counselor working with a client from a different culture would most likely expect social conformity to be which of the following compared to a client from the same culture?
• What is the term for the balance between assimilation and accommodation?
• Which Piagetian stage is characterized by symbolic thought but egocentrism, preceding concrete operations?
• Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is which defense mechanism?
• The word eclectic is most closely associated with which counselor?
• What term describes the weakening of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus?
• The protest–despair–detachment sequence describes which theoretical framework's view of separation?
• Which statement best describes the difference between Pavlovian (classical) conditioning and Skinnerian (operant) conditioning?
• A client who has incorporated his father's values into his thought patterns is a product of which defense mechanism?
• The dog learning to salivate only to the chair's horn and not to others demonstrates what?
• Cephalocaudal development means growth from
• What is the correct order of Piaget's four stages from first to last?
• In classical conditioning, the decrease of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus is called:
• Sherif's Robbers Cave study demonstrates the effect of cooperative goals.
• Which cognitive dissonance reduction strategy is demonstrated when a counselor says, I couldn't care less about passing the NCE or licensing exam?
• Which stage theory is psychosocial rather than psychosexual?
• In cross-cultural settings, which statement about seeking help is true?
• Which statement is true about congruity theory?
• Freud's model of morality is grounded in which psychic component?
• When the horns on two vehicles sound nearly identical and the dog shows erratic responses, the training can lead to what?
• Mores are beliefs regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior.
• Piaget's Preoperational Stage includes which development?
• Which factor is most important to reduce counselor bias?
• Kohlberg felt many people never reach this level of morality, where the person is concerned with universal ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights.
• Which term best captures the belief that one race is superior to others?
• In multicultural counseling, which term describes a perspective that analyzes client behavior using the client’s own culture as the reference?
• In Transactional Analysis, the three ego states are the Child, the Adult, and the Parent. These roughly correspond to Freud's structural theory consisting of which three parts?
• The personality types of the MBTI are associated with the work of which psychologist?
• Aversive conditioning is a treatment approach that uses unpleasant stimuli to decrease a behavior such as smoking. Which option best describes this approach?
• Which statement best differentiates psychodynamic counseling from classical psychoanalysis?
• Punishment tends to have what effect on behavior?
• When a client projects unconscious feelings toward the therapist that he or she originally had toward a significant other, it is called
• Which stage follows the oral stage in Freudian theory?
• A literature review on videos and violence would conclude that exposure to violence tends to make children which?
• The saying 'it's like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window' describes which defense mechanism?
• Frankl's experience in Nazi concentration camps taught him
• Gestalt therapy emphasizes ________.
• Which term describes reinforcing a response by presenting a favorable stimulus after the response?
• Which term describes the view that developmental changes are qualitative in nature?
• Psychoanalysis is described as both a form of treatment and a comprehensive personality theory. What else is it described as?
• Ethnocentrism is defined as using one's own culture as yardstick to measure all others.
• Training a poodle to salivate to a toy horn, but the car horn also elicits salivation, demonstrates which phenomenon?
• In studies of affiliation, which birth position is more likely to affiliate to reduce fear?
• Allen E. Ivey postulated three types of empathy. Which trio is correct?
• Skinner's operant conditioning is also referred to as instrumental learning.
• Which of the following is a biofeedback device?
• Which term describes development that progresses through social interaction and cultural mediation?
• Which concept is not associated with Adler's theory?
• Ethology is the study of animal behavior in what context?
• Eclecticism in multicultural counseling means
• Freud believed that the development of the superego is accomplished by identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex. Which mechanism is this?
• If the unconditioned stimulus is presented before the conditioned stimulus, what happens?
• Alfred Adler is associated with which branch of psychology?
• Which theorist is most associated with cognitive dissonance theory?
• Which researcher is well known for maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys?
• Which statement accurately describes the latency stage in Freudian theory?
• Which term describes the content of a dream as it is presented to the dreamer?
• Which statement best describes the openness of African-American ghetto clients according to the material?
• In Piaget’s theory, which stage features the predominance of reflexes in driving thought and action?
• Known for strategic and problem-solving therapy, often utilizing paradox, and studying Milton H. Erickson.
• Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Which level is characterized by obedience to avoid punishment?
• Who is known as the father of guidance?
• In a token economy, the token is best described as
• John Bowlby argued that inadequate ____ and ____ in early childhood can contribute to later psychopathology.
• A counselor studying Native American cultures discovers there are over 560 federally recognized tribes and nearly 3 million Native Americans in the United States. This counselor most likely believes in which viewpoint?
• The two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules are based on the number of responses and the time elapsed. Which pair correctly names these classes?
• Rogers viewed man as positive when he develops in which type of environment?
• In gestalt therapy unexpressed emotions are known as ________.
• Kohlberg notes how many stages of moral development and how many levels into which they fall?
• After a major purchase, people tend to seek information that confirms their choice and ignore contradictory information. This is best described as:
• Which pair created a program to help counselors learn accurate empathy?
• Piaget's preoperational stage typically covers which age range?
• In the bystander effect, how does increasing the number of bystanders affect the likelihood that someone will help a person in distress?
• Representational thought is typically mastered after object permanence.
• In 1908, books by _______ helped to introduce social psychology in America.
• Existential therapy, on the other hand, has been criticized for being too vague regarding techniques and procedures. This criticism contrasts with the criticisms aimed at behavior therapy for which reason?
• In Sherif's Robbers Cave study, the important finding was that cooperative goals can reduce intergroup hostility.
• In reality therapy, behavior is viewed as a deliberate choice aimed at fulfilling what?
• In Piagetian terms, conservation would most likely refer to which properties?
• According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselor's statement that is somewhat like his or her own beliefs as which type of error?
• Which statement best describes the focus of gestalt therapy?
• Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to offspring; which statements are true?
• In Rogerian theory, which term describes the alignment between a client's internal experience and outward expression?
• A teenager in a residential facility has earned enough tokens to buy his favorite candy bar. The candy bar is
• Who was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues?
• Empathy and counselor effectiveness scales reflect the work of which researchers?
• Harlow’s monkey experiments showed that isolation in early months led to behaviors resembling:
• In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor that evolves primarily during which developmental stage?
• During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old in Piaget's preoperational stage says, 'The rain is following me.' This illustrates which concept?
• Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently works out at the gym for four hours daily and is taking massive doses of steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism in action here is
• Which level in Kohlberg's theory involves reasoning based on social contracts and universal ethical principles?
• A client whose counselor pushes the alloplastic viewpoint is likely to believe the counselor is doing what?
• Which event was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling?
• Which approach supports cross-cultural understanding in intercultural counseling?
• Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. He called them
• Adler's emphasis on social context suggests behavior should be studied in what kind of context?
• Psychodynamic theories focus on ______ rather than cognitive factors when counseling clients.
• The term for learning through association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is known as:
• In Erikson's theory, which stage focuses on developing competence during school-age years?
• The term emic refers to what in cross-cultural counseling?
• The counselor's request to 'tell me specifically what has made life so bad' demonstrates which technique?
• Glasser suggested eight steps in the reality therapy process. What does the final step emphasize?
• Which is a form of the Child ego state?
• Glasser's position on mental illness is that diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible. Which option best reflects this view?
• Rogers's school underwent three name changes. Initially it was called ________, then ________, and in 1974 it changed to ________.
• The program to help counselors learn accurate empathy was created by:
• The tendency for adult females in the United States to wear high heels is best explained by which concept?
• According to social exchange theory, when will a relationship endure?
• Who is known as the father of American behaviorism and coined the term 'behaviorism' in 1912?
• In Piaget's theory, assimilation is defined as
• According to Piaget, reversibility is mastered in which stage of development?
• Which theorist emphasizes lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation?
• What is Erikson's psychosocial stage for ages 5 to 12?
• What best describes an eclectic counselor?
• According to Berne, a life script is actually
• In Freudian theory, which stage comes after Latency?
• Which term refers to the energy of the life instinct in Freudian theory?
• The cognitive distortion where a person views events as catastrophic and the worst possible outcome is called
• The tendency to affiliate with others is highest in firstborns and only children.
• The fear of death is greatest during which life stage?
• Glasser's theory was popularized in educational circles after he wrote which book?
• The Bogardus social distance scale assesses attitudes toward which group?
• Which counseling approach has been noted for promoting cross-cultural understanding more than others?
• The significance of the Little Albert studies is that phobias can be learned through conditioning.
• Which philosopher described the I-Thou relationship as horizontal?
• Which psychologist is a pioneer of behavior therapy and is closely associated with the use of systematic desensitization and multimodal therapy?
• The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was
• Which pair is traditionally associated with the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
• Flooding is also known as what in recent literature?
• In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys, the baby monkey preferred which surrogate mother?
• In the Little Albert paradigm, the fear response generalized from the white rat to similar stimuli such as a Santa Claus mask. This illustrates which phenomenon?
• The philosopher most closely related to REBT would be
• Who is considered the founder of logotherapy?
• Hypothetical-deductive reasoning is a hallmark of which Piagetian stage?
• A stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of its own. This is known as
• Mitwelt is the ______ world.
• A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson's final or eight stage.
• The _____ is chaotic and concerned only with the body, not with the outside world. This is the pleasure principle and houses the animalistic instincts.
• The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg's theory as a typing test is to which concept?
• BASIC-ID is a multimodal counseling approach created by which psychologist?
• Which therapy emphasizes mindfulness and was developed by Marsha Linehan, used for self-harm and substance abuse?
• The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to make the clients aware of their unconscious processes.
• Why have some behavioral scientists criticized Piaget's developmental research?
• Which technique would a TA counselor and a strict behaviorist most likely agree on when formulating a plan?
• Idiographic approaches examine what in depth?
• Jung claimed men operate on the logos principle, while women operate on the eros principle.
• Which Jungian archetype represents the overall pattern of the Self?
• What is Erikson's psychosocial stage for ages 40 to 65?
• Counselors who are maturationists allow clients to work through early conflicts.
• Multicultural counseling emphasizes understanding clients' cultures and:
• Which statement describes the effect of ethnocentrism in the nuclear age?
• From a Freudian perspective, a client with alcoholism and heavy smoking would be characterized as which psychosexual type?
• Which Piaget stage extends from adolescence into adulthood?
• Who conducted the primary work on imprinting?
• The Beck Depression Inventory is a self-report instrument developed in conjunction with which therapy approach?
• Which of the following is a recognized conflict type in Lewin's framework?
• Piaget estimated the concrete operational stage occurs roughly during which age range?
• A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of what?
• Which approach seeks universal laws of behavior that apply across populations?
• Rogers's approach is characterized as a(n) ________ approach.
• Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as what?
• Which statement about development is true?
• Ambivalent transference is most closely associated with which feeling?
• Animistic causality in preschool children is best related to which Piagetian stage?
• The life position 'I'm OK—You're Not OK' is associated with which attitude?
• Ellis would likely doubt an animal study of psychotherapy because his theory emphasizes what human-specific process?
• Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of which theorist?
• The frustration-aggression theory is associated with which researchers?
• In counseling, which term describes being real and authentic with clients?
• Robert Kegan describes a 'holding environment' in counseling that helps the client do what in the face of a crisis?
• In Wolpe's systematic desensitization for a flying phobia, what would be the first item in the anxiety hierarchy?
• Reality therapy posits that behavior is purposeful and motivated by the need to satisfy which of the following?
• The literature suggests that empathy and trust are maximized when the counselor shares some background with the client.
• The highest level in Loevinger's model of ego development is called what?
• The civil rights movement helped to abet the multicultural counseling movement.
• The relationship between the therapist and client in reality therapy is most like which of the following?
• Glasser felt the responsible person will have a ________ identity.
• Which Jungian archetype is the outward mask we present to others?
• Which apparatus did Eleanor Gibson use to study depth perception in children?
• Id, ego, superego map to structural theory as ________ is to topographical theory.
• The statement 'bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not' aligns with Kohlberg's which level?
• Which level of Kohlberg's morality is described as being concerned with universal ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights?
• What term describes the portion of a trait that can be explained by genetic factors?
• Who coined the term positive psychology?
• Theorists who believe development consists only of quantitative changes are called what?
• Which two cultural dimensions are identified as the counselor's primary concerns?
• The behaviorist generally feels that if it can't be __________ then it doesn't exist.
• Berne proposed three ego states (P-A-C). Which two functions belong to the Parent ego state?
• Two brothers scream at each other in a family counseling session. The phenomenon is best described as
• The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for ________, rather than ________ like the id.
• A tall skinny pitcher of water is poured into a small squatty pitcher. A child says the small pitcher has less water. This illustrates a lack of which Piagetian concept?